![]() Epidemiological studies demonstrate clinically relevant sex and gender differences in the rates of type 2 diabetes in youth and midlife. The presence, type and magnitude of sex and gender differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have historically been underappreciated. We conclude by discussing research gaps in this area that are worthy of further investigation. ![]() Gender differences in social behavioural norms and disparities in provider-level treatment patterns are also highlighted, but not described in detail. Physiological and behavioural mechanisms that may underpin both the observed sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the associated cardiovascular burden are discussed in this review. Large-scale observational studies suggest that type 2 diabetes confers 25–50% greater excess risk of incident CVD in women compared with men. In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the difference in the absolute rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) between men and women lessens, albeit remaining higher in men. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex differences related to the burden of type 2 diabetes across the life span: sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes, and sex differences in the cardiovascular burden conferred by type 2 diabetes. ![]() By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally approximately 90–95% of these have type 2 diabetes. ![]()
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